![]() These patients develop pain from the shoulder pathology, leading to reduced movement in that shoulder and thus developing frozen shoulder.įrozen shoulder often progresses in three stages: the freezing (painful), frozen (adhesive) and thawing phases ( Fig. rotator cuff tendon tear, subacromial impingement, biceps tenosynovitis and calcific tendonitis). ![]() Secondary adhesive capsulitis can occur after shoulder injuries or immobilisation (e.g. Primary idiopathic frozen shoulder is often associated with other diseases and conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, and may be the first presentation of a diabetic patient.( 3) Patients with systemic diseases such as thyroid diseases( 4, 5) and Parkinson’s disease( 6) are at higher risk. ![]() Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is defined as “ a condition of uncertain aetiology, characterised by significant restriction of both active and passive shoulder motion that occurs in the absence of a known intrinsic shoulder disorder”.( 1) Patients with frozen shoulder typically experience insidious shoulder stiffness, severe pain that usually worsens at night, and near-complete loss of passive and active external rotation of the shoulder.( 2) There are typically no significant findings in the patient’s history, clinical examination or radiographic evaluation to explain the loss of motion or pain.įrozen shoulder can be classified as primary or secondary.
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